Ethylene is a gas that is one of the most basic types of hydrocarbons. Its simple structure consists of two carbon molecules bonded with four hydrogen molecules, giving it a molecular formula of C2H4. While ethylene can exist in a solid or liquid form at extreme temperatures, it is most often found in a gaseous state. This gas has a very distinctive sweet scent, which some may find similar to ether. It is colorless, making it virtually impossible to detect with the naked eye. Ethylene occurs except naturally in plants, it can also be created in the laboratory via a chemical reaction. The vast majority of this material is derived from petroleum by-products, and used to create the polymers that serve as the building blocks for plastic and composite materials. This gas can also be used in agriculture and food production to help ripen certain types of plants on demand. Those who work with this gas should use extreme caution, as it is highly flammable, and can even contribute to explosions under certain types of conditions. Many facilities that rely on ethylene must use special precautions when storing or handling this material. How To Produce Its Derivatives?There a wide variety of reactions they can use to transform ethylene into its many derivatives. It can be chlorinated by adding chlorine gas to it in the presence of an iron (III) chloride catalyst, for example. It can also be polymerized or made into a long chain at high temperature and pressure with the aid of an organic peroxide. Combining ethylene with water in the presence of air, copper (II) chloride and a palladium catalyst is another important reaction called the Wacker process. The gas is also combined with oxygen in the presence of a silver catalyst as well. Types Of DerivativesMany different derivatives are produced through these reactions -- chlorinated ethanes like 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and chloroethane, for example. The ethylene derivative 1,2-dichloroethane can in turn be used to make vinyl chloride. Polymers like low-density polyethylene (LDPE) or high-density polyethylene are also produced from this gas, as is acetaldehyde, which can be used to make pyridine derivatives and pentaerythritol(an organic compound with the formula C5H12O4, the CAS number 115-77-5). It is used in the manufacture of ethylene oxide and ethylbenzene, a chemical that can be turned into styrene. ProductsThe derivatives like these play a key role in the manufacture of many products you use in your everyday life. You can find polyvinyl chloride or PVC, for example, in plumbing pipes under the sinks around your home. LDPE and HDPE are among the most common plastics, present in everything from grocery shopping bags to milk jugs, while styrene is used to make the polystyrene in Styrofoam cups and polystyrene forks. Ethylene oxide has an almost innumerable number of uses, but one of the most important is in the manufacture of antifreeze.
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